aphrodisias excavations

The finds from Mendel’s campaign in 1905 were brought to the Istanbul Archaeological Known to tourists and travellers since the 18th century, it has been the subject of scientific exploration since the early 20th century. The scale lies on the late antique ground level; in front is a sondage dug in 1991. Next to the Tetrapylon is the grave of Prof. Dr. Kenan Erim, the archaeologist who oversaw the excavations at Aphrodisias. Led the graphic documentation of the Hadrianic Baths at Aphrodisias, which were presented at the 2012 AIA conference in . The first excavations in Aphrodisias were made by Paul Gaudin in 1904-1905; Dr. Scientific excavations have been started by T. Kenan ERİM. Ratté, "Aphrodisias in the Late Hellen- C. Ratté, "The Urban Development of Aphrodisias in the Late Hellenis- istic and Early Imperial Periods" tic and Early Imperial Periods," in C. Berns et . The excavations at Aphrodisias have made significant contributions to the history of the ancient Mediterranean city. APHRODISIAS Band X. Aphrodisias is located on a plain south of the fertile Meander River valley, about 200 km southeast of Izmir in modern Turkey. The Sebasteion; The Sebasteion, or Augusteum, was jointly dedicated, according to a 1st-century inscription on its propylon, "To Aphrodite, the Divine Augusti and the People". (Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Journal of Roman Studies Monograph, 6.) Aphrodisias, Sebasteion, Polyphemus and Galatea. Aphrodisias was named after Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love, who had here her unique cult image, the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias. Aphrodisias Excavations (NYU) 2004 - 2009 5 years. Aphrodisias is a remarkably preserved Roman-period city in ancient Caria, SW Turkey, which was famous in antiquity for its sanctuary of Aphrodite and its marble sculptors. In 1892, the Director General of the Imperial Museums, Mr Osman Hamdi, visited the site. 1937 and excavated the Portico of Tiberius in the South Agora with its important series of mask and garland friezes. The four trenches, 3, Found inside... Christopher Ratté, R. R. R. Smith (Aphrodisias excavations), J.-M. Rouquette (Musées d'Arles), Mrs. Salda (National Archaeological Museum, Athens), ... Aphrodisias Excavations. Director and businesswoman. Found inside7.15; Aphrodisias Excavations (Prof. K. T. Erim) pl. 29.10; Archaeological Museum, Florence, pl. 29.10, J. M. Arnaud and the Musée d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux, ... At the heart of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite is the temple itself. eastern Mediterranean, from Roman imperial times into the complex post-classical world. Koç, Leyla S(adberk) Found inside – Page 136Plate 4: Relief of Emperor Claudius over Britannia from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias. Photo Credit: New York University Aphrodisias Excavations. You will admire thousands of sculptures dating back to 5000 BC. Aphrodisias (Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς, Aphrodisiás) was a small city in Caria, on the southwest coast of Asia Minor. He taught Hellenistic and Roman art at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University (1986-1995), and since . The site has been known to European travellers since the 18th century, when several expeditions came to record the wealth of inscriptions built into the city walls. Aphrodisias illuminates brilliantly the trajectory. An Italian expedition directed by G. Jacopi came for one campaign in Found inside – Page 231Photo: courtesy of the Aphrodisias excavations, New York University. These “pairings” of man and god, so unlike the conventional – single – cult forms in ... The ancient city of Aphrodisias provides an unusually rich and vivid record of the monumental civic culture of Classical antiquity. The around the original building was surrounded by round columns. ISBN 978-3-8053-4605-4. Found inside – Page 201Aphrodisias Excavations, URL: http://aphrodisias.classics.ox.ac.uk/history.html (accessed 19 March 2019). Friesen, Imperial Cults (see n.48), 77‒83. Regional survey has extended our knowledge of the site in both time and space--providing new information about Aphrodisias and environs before and after the heyday of the city and illuminating the interaction between town and . Found insideFigure 2: Relief of Emperor Claudius over Britannia from the Sebasteion in Aphrodisias. c. AD 43. Aphrodisias Excavations ... An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies (Louvain 1986). This museum was visited in 2010. Museum under the leadership of Osman Hamdi Bey. The River Meander played an important role for the growth of the settlement. Behind are the excavations of 2012, which have exposed the Roman period ground level; one of the planting trenches has been . He was a Fellow by Examination in Ancient History at Magdalen . Found inside – Page 202... the Aphrodisias Excavations, New York University. 64. Ibid., p. 133. 65. This shows the normal clothing for women in Britain. Found insideÖĞÜŞ, ESEN is assistant director of the Aphrodisias excavations, and works as Assistant Professor of Ancient Mediterranean Art at Texas Tech University. The ancient city of Aphrodisias, once the capital of the province of Lydia, is located near the village of Geyre in the district of Karacasu 38 km south of Nazilli.In ancient times, the attractive marble buildings of Aphrodisias no doubt shone out, as they do now, from amidst the rich vegetation of the Dandalaz valley with its almond, pomegranate and poplar trees. Found inside – Page 48Aphrodisias Excavations, New York University. archivio fotografico dei Musei Capitolini, photo Maria Teresa Natale. Public Sanctions against Women. Since the death of Professor Erim in 1990, the project has been based at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, and directed by R.R.R. Aphrodisias Excavations, Dometeinos & Tatiana. In the repair of the building, Austrian architects and Turkish archaeologists and craftsmen . The Greek word Sebasteion, which corresponds to the Latin Augusteum, emphasizes the prominence given to the imperial family. After these excavations, in 1991 I found my very own, permanent archaeological place at the Roman site of Aphrodisias, Turkey, where I have worked until the present time and ongoing as Deputy Director representing NYU. Found inside – Page 389ASIA MINOR APHRODISIAS . - Excavations in 1913. - In C. R. Acad . Insc . 1914 , pp . 46–53 , A. BOULANGER reports upon the excavations carried on by himself ... Jun 2012 - Aug 2013. The former Geyre settlement is the place where the Aphrodisias museum and ruins are. Those visits helped city catch more attraction as it deserved. Found insideK. Erim , Aphrodisias excavations ; Dr. John Hayes , Royal Ontario Museum ; Dr. W. Heilmeyer , University of Tübingen ; Hermitage Museum , Leningrad ; Dr. Because of the earthquakes, the village of Geyre was transferred to the present settlement in 1960. In 1835, Charles Texier and his group of architects came from England to the city and prepared some inscriptions and documents about the site. Aphrodisias in the long sixth century 199 Figure 12.2. Ioannou Centre for Classical & Byzantine Studies Aphrodisias, the Greek goddess of love; New York University, Aphrodisias Excavations website; Inscriptions found in Aphrodisias; Aphrodisias Lưu trữ 2010-01-18 tại Wayback Machine; Sebasteion: Aphrodisias School of Sculpture; Monuments of Aphrodisias, summarised by Turizm.net, a Turkish travel guide Aphrodisias Museum: Aphrodisias Museum is a museum where the artifacts unearthed during the excavations of the Aphrodisias Ancient City are exhibited. He died in 1990, but the Turkish government rewarded his dedication, by burying him within the ancient city, next to the Tetrastoon, that was the gates welcoming pilgrims on their way to pay . They include a Greek translation of the longest senatus consultum so far known and a number of imperial letters. The most interesting end intriguing finding, discovered during excavations, is Zoilos relief. Excavations of Prehistoric Remains at Aphrodisias, 1968 and 1969 BARBARA KADISH PLATES 25-30 Investigation of the prehistoric sequence of occu-pation on the Acropolis and "Pekmez" mounds continued in 1968 and 1969.1 On the Acropolis mound a series of trenches to the N, E and NE Of trench 3 (1967)2 were dug. (1 color, 253 black-and-white ills. Carian Aphrodisias has been a focus of research since 1961 under the direction of New York University (NYU). 2005-2009 Aphrodisias Regional Survey (Turkey), Director 1993-2006 Aphrodisias Excavations (Turkey), Co-Director 1980-1992 Sardis Expedition (Turkey), Assistant Director from 1989-2002 1985 Corinth Training Session (Greece) 1982 Copan Archaeological Project (Honduras) 1981 Southwark and Lambeth Archaeological Committee (England) In 1835, Charles Texier and his group of architects came from England to the city and prepared some inscriptions and . According to recent excavations, the site was occupied as early as the late Neolithic period and developed through the Bronze and Iron Ages. 1 The Aphrodisias project, sponsored by New York University, has been generously supported by the National Geographic Society since 1966 and by several other private and corporate sources. EUR. For further information please call (215) 898-3474, fax (215) . Aphrodisias (sometimes Afrodisias) is located inland in the Southern Aegean region of Turkey, in Aydin province, about 30 km west of Denizli (but with no direct road connection). Found inside – Page 2... Aphrodisias Excavations , under the direction of Kenan T. Erim , between the beginning of investigations in 1961 and the last days of the 1973 season . (eds. Dometeinos The statue was found directly in front of its base which identifies it as L. Antonius Claudius Diogenes Dometeinos (see top left). Pp. Found inside36.4 of Dometeinos, Aphrodisias Museum inv. 64-221, 64-222. Source: Photo: NYU-Aphrodisias Excavations, R. Wilkins. In part, the differences between these ... xi + 282; 3 figs., 24 plates. Found inside – Page xAphrodisias, Archaeological Museum, inv. no. 70-472. Photo courtesy New York University Excavations at Aphrodisias. 418 Statue of young priest from the ... ISB 978-3-95490-268-2. The project is currently directed by Bert Smith. Some parts of the theater are given by Zoilos as a gift to the Aphrodite and the citizens of Aphrodisias. The texts from Aphrodisias in Caria at the core of this book provide remarkable documentation for Roman history during the Mithridatic War, the Second Triumvirate and the second-third centuries A.D. Till eighteen and nineteen centuries, Aphodisias got less attention of the visitors compared to other ancient cities of Anatolia which might be because of the difficulty of the access to the site. Since 1993 excavation projects at the site have been supervised by several archaeologists: Christopher Ratté (Field Director 1993-95 and Co-Director 1996-2006), Bahadır Yıldırım (Field Director 2008-09), Esen Öğüş (Field Director 2010-11), Alexander Sokolicek (Field Director 2012-15), and Ben Russell and Ine Jacobs (Field Directors 2016- ). The authorities used the latest in surveillance technology to detect the looters, which in turn led to these unexpected discoveries. Found inside – Page xvWhile my participation in the Aphrodisias Excavations undoubtedly delayed the completion of the present project, it has deeply informed the way I approach ... Read more about the excavations at Abydos, Egypt. Her current research includes a collaborative project to publish the portrait sculpture from the Excavations in the Athenian Agora . A relief found in the ruins of the south portico represented a personification of the polis making sacrifice to the cult image of Aphrodite of Aphrodisias, venerated as promētōr, "foremother" or "ancestral mother . The city and its monuments were Pp. They throw light on provincial attitudes to Rome, on Roman policies in the provinces . SHARE THE ARTICLELate Roman Era Sarcophagus Found By Turkish Farmer In Turkey, an operation to stop illegal excavations has led to the discovery of rare sarcophagi. III of Texier’s Description de l'Asie Mineure faite par ordre du Gouvernement Français, de 1833 à 1837 (Paris, 1839-49). The first formal excavations began in 1904 by a French engineer, amateur archeologist and collector Paul Gaudin. Found inside – Page xi52 Aphrodisias , Odeion graffito . Photo : Mehmet Ali Dögençi , Aphrodisias Excavations , New York University . 53 Aphrodisias , Odeion graffito . Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Excavations of Prehistoric Remains at Aphrodisias, 1967' BARBARA KADISH PLATES 23-28 Aphrodisias is situated at the eastern limits of the Dandalas valley approximately ninety-five miles southeast of the present port of Izmir or eighty miles east of the ancient port of Miletus.2 Through this fertile valley flows the upper part of the Dan- Found inside – Page xxv12.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.13 14.1 The “archive wall” at Aphrodisias (courtesy of NYU-Aphrodisias Excavations) 292 ... Found inside – Page viiAphrodisias Museum . ( Courtesy of Aphrodisias excavations , New York University : photo , M. Ali Dögenci ) 4.6 Bronze statue from Riace Marina , S. Italy ... Students are encouraged to inquire about fieldwork opportunities. The excavations at Aphrodisias (SW Turkey), conducted by Prof. Kenan Erim from 1961 to 1990, produced large quantities of high-quality marble sculpture of the Roman period. The city was located in Caria in Asia Minor, near Geyre . Aphrodisias Excavations see Geyre Foundation. excavations at Aphrodisias had shown that sculpture of a high quality continued to be produced there until well into the fifth century a.d.3 Sculptors' 'signatures' have also been found at Aphrodisias, and the current excavations have added substantially to the number already known.4 These also I currently serve as the Excavation Director for the NYU-UniMi excavations in the main urban sanctuary of Selinunte, a Greek city in southwestern Sicily. APHRODISIAS. especially in the Hadrianic Baths, where a number of well-preserved portrait statues were found. The Sebasteion is an architectural complex located at Aphrodisias in Caria. Joukowsky, Prehistoric Aphrodisias M. S. Joukowsky, Prehistoric Aphrodisias. Van Voorhis presents an impressively comprehensive publication of the Late Roman sculptor's workshop at Aphrodisias. As a last hold out of paganism in the Roman Empire, the city, and in particular . removed and sold in Izmir and in Europe. First and most important was William Sherard in 1705. In addition to her other roles, she is chair of the Koç School. Smith, R., et al. Aphrodisias is a remarkably preserved Roman-period city in ancient Caria, SW Turkey, which was famous in antiquity for its sanctuary of Aphrodite and its marble sculptors. Aphrodisias was one of the most important cities of ancient Asia Minor, and for several decades has been the subject of a major programme of excavation, conservation and research by the Institute of Fine Arts and the Faculty of Arts and Science of New York University. Found inside – Page xii10 120 Boxer statue B , theatre of Aphrodisias ( = Inan - Rosenbaum no . ... Reproduced by permission of the Aphrodisias Excavations , New York University . This study consists of initial observations made upon Byzantine, Seljuk, Begliks and Ottoman pottery fi nds from the Aphrodisias excavations since 2013. The current New York University project began in 1961 under the direction of Kenan Erim who excavated the main monuments of the site over thirty years. It is 262 m long and 59 m wide with 22 rows of seats. The finds are linked to Aphrodisias and they may have come from […] 175. Late antique stony dumped fill on the north side of the pool, facing west. Geyre, Turkey Contributed to various projects at a significant Greco-Roman archaeological site, including excavation, sculpture research . Found inside – Page 188K. T. Erim , “ More Treasures from the ' Mine of Statuary ' : Excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria in Southwest Turkey . Part I : The Temple and the Odeon ” ... Found inside – Page 88... of Aphrodisias (western Turkey). Source: Phil Stinson. With permission from the Aphrodisias Excavations, New York University. 88 constantine and diocletian. APHRODISIAS. drawn by an expedition sponsored by the London-based Society of Dilettanti in 1812 and published in Antiquities of Ionia III Found inside – Page 11An Account of the Excavations and Artifact Studies Martha Joukowsky ... American Association of the Friends of Aphrodisias , and numerous private donors . Found inside – Page 133View of the Bouleuterion at Aphrodisias ( photo author ) 6. ... Tondo portrait of a sophist ( courtesy of the Aphrodisias Excavations , New York University ) ... Found inside – Page 109Roman Sculpture Stolen from Aphrodisias During the night of February 12 to 13 ... made off with eight pieces of sculpture from the Aphrodisias Excavations . Aphrodisias is a remarkably preserved Roman-period city in ancient Caria, SW Turkey, which was famous in antiquity for its sanctuary of Aphrodite and its marble sculptors. As a last hold out of paganism in the Roman Empire, the city, and in particular . The statue group has only recently been The work is carried out by a team of international collaborators. The Mica and Ahmet Ertegun South Agora project exposed impressive . Begun in 1966, the excavations in the theatre area yielded a great deal of extremely valuable information regarding both the prehistoric and historic periods in Aphrodisias as well as very well preserved sections of the theatre building and a large number of statues and reliefs of the highest quality. Aphrodisias in ancient Caria, SW Turkey. Koç Family. The ends of the stadium are slightly convex, giving the whole a form rather suggesting an ellipse. xvi + 376, Abb. Aphrodisias Excavations. As is typical of many excavations with a rich tradition, this excavation history represents not only an impressive x + 117 plus 60 pls. ''Historical monuments are the common heritage of mankind'' Aphrodisias added Unesco Heritage List. Aphrodisias Excavation Photographer and Depo Manager University of Oxford Jun 2017 - Aug 2018 1 year 3 months. This was a period of relative peace and stability for the empire, and the city most likely saw residential expansion while undergoing urban revitalization. Pp. The Sebasteion, erected between 20 to 60 CE, is a temple dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite and to the ruling imperial family. (1 color, 253 black-and-white ills. With Appendix IV by Nathalie de Chaisemartin. Providence, Rhode Island, 2016) Bert Smith comes from Edinburgh and studied Classics and then Classical Archaeology at Oxford. The excavations at the city have been held systematically since 1961 by deceased Professor Kenan Erim, whose grave is now near . It should be as well known and over-visited as Ephesus. EXCAVATIONS. 66, St. Giles', Oxford. Smith comes from Edinburgh in Scotland and studied Classics and Classical Archaeology at Oxford. 89,90. The excavations at Aphrodisias have made significant contributions to the history of the ancient Mediterranean city. Tetrapylon's repair is the most important restoration ever made in Anatolia. Three new sites and two extensions added to UNESCO's World . The site has been known to European travellers since the 18th century, when several expeditions came to record the wealth of Found inside – Page xiPhoto: Aphrodisias Excavations, New York University 256 8.13 Statue of a boxer. Aphrodisias Museum, inv. 70-508-511. Photo: Aphrodisias Excavations 258 8.14 ... Aphrodisias Excavations. Aphrodisias, Sculptor's Shop, Heracles. Participated in the 2011 field season of Excavations of Aphrodisias, located in Geyre, Turkey. Found inside – Page 68... to Dr. Kenan T. Erim , Director of the Aphrodisias Excavations , for allowing me to present the plates from the city site of Aphrodisias in Turkey . ), 8 gs. The Aphrodisias project is indebted for its fundamental permissions to the Republic of Turkey’s Ministry of Culture and Tourism and its General Directorate of Cultural Property and Museums. Deputy Director, Aphrodisias Excavations (Turkey), from 2007 and ongoing Director of Masters' Studies, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 2014-2016 Affiliated Faculty Member, the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University (2008 and ongoing) Chris Hallett received his education at the University of Bristol, Lincoln College Oxford, and UC Berkeley. 'A second Lydian inscription from Aphrodisias' in R.R.R. Roman sculpture, Ancient Portraiture, Roman Asia Minor, Aphrodisias Excavations, Roman Egypt. OF EXCAVATIONS AT APHRODISIAS IN CARIA CONDUCTED BY NEW YORK UNIVERSITY (Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden 2018). (1840). Archaeology Journal • EXCAVATIONS Aphrodisias,Turkey The NYU team worked at Aphrodisias from late June to the end of August on a variety of projects - Stadium, Sebasteion, North Agora, Temple of Aphrodite, Tetrapylon Street, and Bronze Age material from the Theater Hill. Enquiries and requests for images email to: [email protected], University of Oxford The sculptor's workshop at Aphrodisias: the remains of a sculptural practice from the Severan age to late antiquity - JULIE VAN VOORHIS, THE SCULPTOR'S WORKSHOP. 6 pictures related to this museum. Aphrodisias was not the city of famous sculptures only, but it was also a hometown for renowned scholars and philosophers. Aphrodisias,Turkey. The name of the city is derived from the goddess of love, Aphrodite - called Venus by Romans- , who has her famous sanctuary here. Excavations in the 24-meter-high (78 feet) theater hill have revealed layers of settlement going back to the Bronze Age (around 2800-2200 BC). Known to tourists and travellers since the 18th century, it has . ), 8 figs. Evidences concerning Aphrodisias in Archaic and Classical periods show a slow development of the temple of . Regional survey has extended our knowledge of the site in both time and space--providing new information about Aphrodisias and environs before and after the heyday of the city and illuminating the interaction between town and . Aphrodisias Excavations. The ancient city of Aphrodisias, dedicated to the goddess of love Aphrodite, was a Hellenistic city which also flourished under Roman and Byzantine rule. Till eighteen and nineteen centuries, Aphodisias got less attention of the visitors compared to other ancient cities of Anatolia which might be because of the difficulty of the access to the site. The philosopher Xenocrates, who had been a student of Plato, is believed to live in Aphrodisias. J. Found inside – Page 9Aphrodisias has undergone extensive excavation since systematic archaeological ... Although the excavations have produced vast amounts of material evidence, ... 275, Taf. The project is currently directed by Bert Smith. From 1993 to 2001 he taught at the University of Washington, Seattle, and since 2001 he has held a joint-appointment in UC Berkeley . A French expedition of C.-F. M. Texier came in 1835, recorded some of the main monuments, and published them in volume Found inside – Page 62Bibliography K. T. Erim, “Aphrodisias—Excavations in the Roman & Byzantine City. Part II: Buildings and Still More Statuary.” Illustrated London News Dec. Aphrodisias was one of the most important cities of ancient Asia Minor, and for several decades has been the subject of a major programme of excavation, conservation and research by the Institute of Fine Arts and the Faculty of Arts and Science of New York University. A study based on inscriptions from the current excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria. Its site is located near the modern village of Geyre, Turkey, about 230 km from İzmir. of ancient cities in the . The reliefs from the Julio-Claudian Sebasteion at Aphrodisias - R. R. R. SMITH, THE MARBLE RELIEFS FROM THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN SEBASTEION (Aphrodisias VI: Results of the excavations at Aphrodisias in Caria conducted by New York University; Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt/Mainz 2013). Museum of the excavations of the large Hellenistic-Roman city. Professor Dillon was a member of the Aphrodisias Excavations in Turkey from 1992-2004, has worked at the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on the island of Samothrace, and now spends summers doing fieldwork in Athens. Aphrodisias (/ æ f r ə ˈ d ɪ s i ə s /; Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδισιάς, romanized: Aphrodisiás) was a small ancient Greek Hellenistic city in the historic Caria cultural region of western Anatolia, Turkey.It is located near the modern village of Geyre, about 100 km (62 mi) east/inland from the coast of the Aegean Sea, and 230 km (140 mi) southeast of İzmir. These columns, staying side by side with poplar trees and . The finds from 1904 were The application and a letter of acceptance from the director of excavations at Aphrodisias, in addition to two letters of reference, must be received by the due date. All content belongs to the Aphrodisias Excavations project and cannot be used without express written authorization. It is located in the south Odeon. The city, which was indifferent compared the west of cities of Anatolia, began to be visited from the end of 700. There, our discoveries allow us to understand the birth and development of a Greek "colony" and its ritual practices. It is also supported by a wide range of institutions, foundations, groups, and individuals. Also his support, guidance, and editing of this manuscript were equally appreciated. T. Erim, Director of the Aphrodisias Excavations, for his con-tinued efforts, interests, and leadership in the excavation of prehistoric Aphrodisias. Aphrodisias - A Roman city in modern Turkey. The professor came to Turkey and upon recognizing they had discovered the lost city of Aphrodisias, dedicated the rest of his life to excavation work. Dedicating his life to discover Aphrodisias, Mr. Kenan Erim truly deserves to be buried in Aphrodisias, where his grave is near Tertapylon today. Today, some columns, carrying ion-style titles of the western and eastern corners, have survived. Agora was planned in first century of the BC and was begun it construction. Professor Dillon was a member of the Aphrodisias Excavations in Turkey from 1992-2004, has worked at the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on the island of Samothrace, and now spends summers doing fieldwork in Athens. ), Aphrodisias Papers 5: Excavation and Research at Aphrodisias, 2006-2012, Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 103, 341-346. Biography. x + 117 plus 60 pls. Found inside – Page 64Although excavations on the site were undertaken at the beginning of the ... it was not until 1961 that Aphrodisias began to be systematically excavated. The Sebasteion, excavated in 1979-81, was a grandiose temple complex dedicated to Aphrodite and the Julio-Claudian emperors .

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