stages of gentrification

39-60. Smith is a revered guru when it comes to understanding the dynamics of gentrification. “Some of the critical conversations that were happening maybe a century ago, we no longer have those conversations,” she said. Over the past 40 years, federal welfare programs such as public housing, transit and programs for the poor have been drastically cut. In stage four, many once vacant properties are converted into luxury condos by large-scale developers. How does gentrification lower crime rates? The first phase of the process is known as birth and is based on its configuration as workforce in a modern capitalist city. Parts that were in early stages or not at all gentrifying Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Gentrification is the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses. According to a 2017 study by MIT researchers, crime dropped 16% after the end of rent-controlled properties and subsequent rise of gentrification in Cambridge, Mass. STAGE 3 — PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS SINK MONEY INTO A FORMERLY DISINVESTED NEIGHBORHOOD. Gentrification is an incredibly complicated social phenomenon. Found inside – Page 1In recent years, the young, educated, and affluent have surged back into cities, reversing decades of suburban flight and urban decline. And yet all is not well, Richard Florida argues in The New Urban Crisis. Gentrification is a hot political topic that is deeply emotional and personal to many, and when it happens, it happens very quickly. And when you thought things were getting bad, this is when the urban area starts getting attention from public agencies. With the volume of work increasing, the changes in the neighborhood are more noticeable by the time the media has stepped in. (2019). Found inside – Page 54Kathy is emblematic to me of one of the stages of gentrification, the forgetting of pioneering artists and their innovative contributions. What is the alternative to gentrification? As with all things real estate, change begins with people. It was low to working An impassioned writer, he centers his critique on case studies of four U.S. cities: New Orleans, Detroit, San Francisco, and New York. remodeling of a district so that it conforms to middle class taste. Gentrification replaces the people who built the community. In addition, the pioneers of this movement start advertising the neighborhood to other middle-class people for the sake of asking for public resources. This is the one on Bridge Street, not the more famous one on Hudson Street. Found insideThus, gentrification affects increasingly new destinations, ... According to the author, this new stage of gentrification, which started in New York in the ... This is the third and final report in our current series on gentrification — the first report established a gentrification typology in Harris County (and was used to determine the gentrification stage for the census tracts in this study), while the second took a closer look at the connection between transit-adjacent development and . STAGE 1 — INDIVIDUAL, LOWER-MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTS FIX UP THE NEIGHBORHOOD. Nevertheless, gentrification does have a process, as identified in Phillip Clay’s Neighborhood Renewal. Therefore, they turn it into a center of attention. In his 1979 book, Phillip Clay, professor emeritus of urban studies at MIT, identified four phases of gentrification, which laid the groundwork for how scholars think about the process. After step one and step two have been executed, the media sets its sight on the neighborhood. The next step? From this standpoint, this study aims to divide the progress of commercial gentrification in Korea into stages based on data obtained across five years from January 2015 to January 2019 in areas where commercial gentrification occurred or was expected to occur in Seoul. Gentrification is the rebuild of a specific deteriorated region or neighborhood into a more affluent and well-developed neighborhood. I always wondered why people outside […]. Housing assistance for those struggling to keep a roof over their head has still dropped by $2.1 billion from 2010 to 2016. Found inside – Page 9However, the developmental stages of gentrification in Greenpoint have varied from those outlined by Burgess and the Chicago School. Shabby, modest mews and cottages—two rooms up and two down—have been taken over, when their leases have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences … Once this process of ‘gentrification’ starts in alike district it goes on rapidly, until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed.”, Ruth Glass, London: aspects of change (1964). Newcomers begin buying more real estate, and some investors aim to capitalize on the area’s sprouting arts scene. Once the real estate landscape of a neighborhood surpasses mixed-income housing and transitions to upper-class living, according to Clay’s model, that neighborhood has entered stage four. Again, harmless. "The stages of gentrification ripple out from downtown Austin," to the east and south, the report explains, "with (generally) increasingly earlier stages of gentrification as one proceeds away from downtown to the north, east, or south." The report also includes a set of interactive maps exploring some of the findings. “Yet you see cities everywhere handing out tens of millions of dollars to developers to build things in their cities.”. What are the advantages and disadvantages of gentrification? by Neil Smith Buy this book. This is the first broad-based survey of a scattered literature that has not been readily accessible. Gentrification presents major theoretical ideas and concepts with case studies, and summaries of the ideas in the book as well as offering ideas for future research. Are the benefits and costs unevenly distributed? Found inside – Page 31This enabled us to identify areas with above-average gentrification tendencies in various stages of the process of gentrification, which were thus the areas ... The three stages of gentrification, by dog breed property values, vacancy rate, interest rate, insurances - the list doesn't actually end) but I believe that understanding human nature is arguably the most important . ), Neighborhood policy and planning (pp. STAGE 2 — VACANCIES GO DOWN, THE MIDDLE CLASS MOVES IN AND DISPLACEMENT STARTS. The Mission District - one of the city's poorest neighborhoods 25 years ago - is in "an advanced stage of gentrification" and is now comparable to some parts of the South Bay, such as Sunnyvale, a suburb with an average median income of around $106,000, according to a recent study by . While it is clearly a policy, it is […] Each of these stages requires unique responses to address the immediate context of gentrification. The art district got its name from local police for being “just short” of downtown both geographically and economically, but today its streets are lined with mostly local shops and fresh concrete sidewalks. The toolbox is based on a review of best practices from across the nation. Stage One. Found insideBox l.l Clay's (I979) Stage Model of Gentrification Stage 1 [A] small group of risk-oblivious people move in and renovate properties for their own use. Identifying solutions. "Repulsing the Monkey," which is set in an old bar in Pittsburgh about to be sold to (and destroyed by) gentrifiers, takes place in an old bar in New York, the White Horse Tavern. If the coin is the process of adding capital and shifting demographics, one side is gentrification and the ‘flipside’ is revitalization. “It means that suddenly or somehow there are new people moving in, there are new markets and suddenly there’s new demand for housing and services in that place,” she explained. A major influx of newcomers settle down in the area, while artists, immigrants and people of color are less prominent in the community. The five-stage model explains what happens when a neighborhood gentrifies, but what it misses is why gentrification unfolds. What are the negatives of gentrification? Del says: August 10, 2017 at 1:28 pm. Found inside – Page 129Second, Chicago is well known for great variation in patterns and stages of gentrification, a necessary component for empirically assessing any social ... 34, Race and Social Policy, pp. Gentrification occurs in areas where disinvestment in real estate provides outsiders with profitable opportunities for redeveloping. Journalist Moskowitz pens a provocative book arguing that gentrification—in virtually all of its dimensions—destroys cities. Eisenberg speaks about the neighborhood as if it were a setting for a mafia movie. Best's neighborhood is still in the early stages of change, but it's evident that gentrification is coming. It causes the rich to get richer, while the poor may or may not benefit. In my case, it’s New York. “Stages one through four make sense [in smaller cities],” Moskowitz said. There are other ways to help people stay rooted in their communities: provide renters with the opportunity and financing to purchase their units; preserve and expand public housing; protect elderly and long-term residents from property tax increases; enforce building codes and offer easy options for renters to report …. Addressing this ever-present challenge will require policy-makers and members of the public to better understand its root causes. Employment effects from gentrification are very localized. Sounds like the next stage of gentrification has started as those early settlers are being moved out. An Alternative: Filtering As the demand for an area increases, and the higher-income earners come into the area, gentrification can be off-set by allowing redevelopment that outpaces demand to accommodate the new, more affluent population. The process of gentrification can be described in several stages. These definitions — much like the discussion around gentrification — focus on its symptoms. finding evidence The media stands as a large impact in the gentrification process of Williamsburg because of the digital revolution beginning in the 90's which progressed to revolutionize the access to information and speed of communication 1930's, movies replaced theatre as Gentrification can sometimes make a community poorer. But the causes of gentrification are more complicated than may appear at first glance. Working at a grassroots level, individuals meet together to discuss changes needed in a particular area. Usually newcomers in stage one are those only slightly more well-off than current residents, including artists looking for cheap studios and LGBTQ+ communities looking for safe spaces, according to Clay. Local developers — let alone individual, middle-class renovators — are long gone in some parts of New York. By the end, the neighborhood has replaced its people with the the “middle-class.”. Gentrification is the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses. # 1 — The Risk Takers. Early stage models assume that gentrification starts with the influx of a few risk-oblivious pioneers, usually cultural strata (artists, intellectuals, squatters), and ends with the influx of large numbers of professional, business, and . (Photo: Adam Hudson) A study by UC Berkeley's Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society, released in February, concluded that many parts of Richmond - which has a population of more than 107,000 people - are already experiencing early to middle stages of gentrification. After World War II, Americans sought the comfort of isolated homeownership outside the city — but they weren’t introduced to the idea completely on their own. With simple clothes and a storm of grey hair, the petite Stephanie Eisenberg does not look like a successful developer and manufacturer. The Effects of Gentrification: Inhabitants, Education, and Displacement 2 The focus of this study is on two cities, the first of them being Harlem, New York. Gentrification is one of the most controversial issues in American cities today. One of the first signs of gentrification was the appearance of blue heelers in beaten-up utes driven by sculptors freshly graduated from art school. Leading housing academic Philip Clay from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology surmised, in his 1979 book, that there were four stages to an area becoming gentrified. “Cities and states have been completely gutted by our messed up tax system,” they said in an interview. The Stage Model of Gentrification. STAGE 3 — PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS SINK MONEY INTO A FORMERLY DISINVESTED NEIGHBORHOOD. AFFH provides a mechanism for identifying areas that are vulnerable to, or may be in the early stages of, gentrification. These definitions help us understand the effects of gentrification: the changes we can see when we walk through our neighborhoods, such as new neighbors and businesses. City neighborhoods are dynamic but when planning doesn't account for the effects of displacing lower . This book is about Bristol's changing face. Written by an author who grew up in the heart of Bristol's ghetto, Palmer sheds light on the supposed 'renovation' that Bristol's poorer quarters have been undergoing. Take a close look and see if you can spot your suburb among these stages. 39-60. Found inside – Page 19Indeed, we have overlooked significant attributes of the process of gentrification. At this stage, there is arguably little new to be learned about ... gentrification is positively associated with changes in residents' credit scores, on aver-age, for those who stay, and this relationship is stronger for residents in neighborhoods in the more advanced stages of gentrification. 6 The report summarizes a "toolbox" of policies and programs that could be used in these different situations. Regardless as to why they live there, (emotional attachment, historic value, economic opportunity, etc. The close suburbs (Saint Denis, Aubervilliers, …) are now in the early stages of gentrification although still poor. The Effects of Gentrification: Inhabitants, Education, and Displacement 2 The focus of this study is on two cities, the first of them being Harlem, New York. Harlem was publicly funded during the beginning stages of gentrification and later was privately funded (Smith 1996). Grit Daily News is the premier startup news hub. The fourth is when gentrification is mostly carried out by developer conversions and an influx of business or managerial middle class. More and more researchers advocated for an additional two stages: stage five and stage zero. Boulevard Heights. And since these properties are already vacantly free on the market, no displacement happens. When talking about Gentrification, I think the four stages that Phillip Clay identified in his 1979 book "Neighborhood Renewal" are a helpful gauge: 1)Pioneer-Small group of Risk Oblivious Pioneers. As with all things real estate, change often starts with people. Gentrification is based on three phases in the life cycle of a sector catalogued as urban. Over the long term, crime rates in the gentrified areas fell more than in other parts of the city. But we never really think about the real outcomes of this restoration of run-down urban areas. More and more people are moving out of their neighborhoods by this stage, especially if the newest codes are strictly enforced. When we think about the "pros and cons of gentrification," we think about less poverty, a high-tech lifestyle, and a boost in the economy. 34, Race and Social Policy, pp. Pattison, T , 1983, "The stages of gentrification: The case of Bay Village", in Neighborhood Policy and Planning Eds Clay, P, Hollister, R (Lexington Books, Lexington, MA) pp 77 - 92 Google Scholar These vacant properties are simply showcased over a greater area for anybody to have access to. And then God said, “let there be a group of risk takers.” And I don’t know what God thought of it. Urban revitalization also brings more services to an area. Furthermore, if the neighbourhood was to have its name or boundaries altered, it would happen at this stage of the gentrification process. LGBTQ+ communities looking for safe spaces, struggling and racially-tense inner cities, incentivization of real estate development in suburbia, still dropped by $2.1 billion from 2010 to 2016, gentrification brings newer, more affluent residents, intentional community development process. Understanding the root causes of gentrification is the first step to looking at neighborhood change more holistically. In order to accommodate high demand in the area, non-residential buildings are tuned into condominium units. Columbus is no stranger to handing out corporate tax breaks. Our procedure is an adaptation of a method devised by Dr. Lisa Bates of Portland State University . Background: Gentrification, a macro-level factor in the San Francisco Bay Area, shapes the symbiotic relationship between context and composition in urban neighborhoods. Displacement and gentrification are also linked, with consequences of gentrification including displacement of pre-existing . Gentrification has garnered substantial ubiquity in the national discussion of urban inequality. After these major cuts, cities were forced to come up with a new plan. Gentrification is in the ' infancy stages ' in Atlantic City as the city is beginning to build on areas connected to the famous Boardwalk centered around the 'Orange Loop,' including Tennessee Avenue which is being modeled off of Philadelphia's South Street. This advanced reference deals with the radical changes that have occurred within cities since the mid 1970s as a result of the interplay of new economic, social, political, and cultural forces associated with the transition to advanced ... Census tract 99.03 (Central Avenue) has experienced some indicators of gentrification yet has not had a significant loss of Black residents. Census tract 21.02 (Kennedy Street) is in the early stages of gentrification and has experienced a decline in the number of Black residents. There are six stages of gentrification, which you should understand so you can spot the next suburb about to undergo this modern metamorphosis. “The system of supports that we have for housing in the U.S. disproportionately benefits people with money. Why has the quantitative research so consistently found that gentrification does not lead to increased displacement? Unfortunately, money is an incredible motivator. AFFH provides a mechanism for identifying areas that are vulnerable to, or may be in the early stages of, gentrification. But some immigrants, artists and people of color who call cities their home argue that gentrification is bringing forth evictions and displacement at abnormal rates. This is the one on Bridge Street, not the more famous one on Hudson Street. The causes of gentrification are debatable. It was low to working But what does that mean for a neighborhood with a median income of less than $23,000 a year? Using yoga to supplement your studies, E-books – The Seven E’s: A Librarian’s Perspective. The following areas are considered in the "dynamic stage" of gentrification, meaning the neighborhoods are under immense pressure to gentrify: Adair Park. “The green areas were invest in those places, and the red areas don’t invest,” Kleit explained. According to Smith and Williams, gentrification is defined as "the rehabilitation of The large-scale investment of capital from many parties is a tell-tale sign that a neighborhood is well into the process of gentrification, according to Clay’s model. While the first group does it discreetly, however, real estate agents are included with the second group. Once a neighborhood enters stage four, the middle-class folks that some view initially as “gentrifiers” end up being pushed out themselves, according to Clay’s model. 2019;34(1):39-60. doi: 10.1080/19371918.2018.1562403. But in my recent book, How to Kill a City: Gentrification, Inequality, and the Fight for the Neighborhood (2017), I argued there's nearly always a stage 0, when a city opens itself up to gentrification. In all stages, communities should understand National media begins paying attention and soon displacement begins. The gentrification process is typically the result of increasing attraction to an area by people with higher incomes spilling over from neighboring cities, towns, or neighborhoods. The 6 Stages Of Gentrification Exposed by Sam Saggers | Jun 28, 2019 Certainly, when investing in property you must understand the "technical" side of things (e.g. A first stage gentrifier's reflection stated 'the most striking thing about the area recently has been the dramatic increase in house prices. Gentrification has been occurring in the United States since the middle of the twentieth century.2 Some of the first neighborhoods to experience gentrification include neighborhoods in Philadelphia, SoHo in Manhattan, and parts of London, England. Google defines the term ‘gentrification’ as the “remodeling of a district so that it conforms to middle class taste.” The issue, as you guys already know, is that this middle-class taste from middle class people is foreign from other parts of a city. Community groups can then work to develop strategies to avoid displacement of incumbent residents by attracting investment and providing affordable housing. “So if you think about the 1930s, the climate of the U.S. at the time was really nativist. An activist speaks at the Anti-Displacement Rally in Richmond, California, June 4, 2015. “Right now in the Short North it’s very hard for people with moderate income to find housing,” Kleit explained. Franklinton is another Columbus neighborhood that’s seeing an increase in investments such as craft breweries, mixed-use apartments and art collectives. Fort McPherson. A lack of choice and competition in disinvested neighborhoods may cause families to pay more for goods and services. Moskowitz notes in their book that in order for the first five phases of gentrification to occur, “governments have to be willing to allow for it.” As such, stage zero is when all city decisions are made, according to Moskowitz. As neighborhoods modernize, a common narrative that often arises is that gentrification leads to safer streets. Shep Terhune was forced to move out of his Short North apartment of more than 20 years because a developer bought the building, and he could not find affordable and accessible housing in the neighborhood. In the beginning, there was nothing. This usually occurs where working-class people, tenants and migrants move out as the land becomes too valuable and more affluent people move in renovating the old homes and improving the surrounding shops. is that regentrification is the act or process of regentrifying while gentrification is the process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces earlier usually poorer residents. Community groups can then work to develop strategies to avoid displacement of incumbent residents by attracting investment and providing affordable housing. But for Moskowitz, the solution starts with the government. After doing some digging on my own, however, I discovered why gentrification happens in the first place, and the answer is not pretty. Eventually the number of fixed-up homes becomes noticeable and begins attracting more middle-class people to the neighborhood, thus beginning the second stage of Clay’s gentrification model. “The government could stop gentrification tomorrow,” Moskowitz said. Donate here. Argenis Ovalles is an Editorial Intern at Grit Daily. “Cities are really struggling with their budgets right now,” Moskowitz said. Found inside – Page 238For example , Carpenter and Lees identify common underlying processes and stages of gentrification within the inner cities of New York , Paris and London ... Artists, Designers, Gays, Lesbians. Some literature suggests that it is caused by social and cultural factors such as family structure, rapid job growth, lack of housing, traffic congestion, and public-sector policies (Kennedy, 2001). "In this investigation, I employ a case study of Santa Fe, New Mexico, to propose that the connection between tourism and gentrification lies in the development of industrial capitalism during the nineteenth century. Development without displacement is the key. There are six stages of gentrification, which are expanded over a period of about fifteen years. (2019). Found inside – Page 58The Stage Model of Gentrification Northeast Los Angeles is a good illustration of the stage model of gentrification, where home buyer pioneers, artists, ... As the city invited in more of university presence just this past year, we . THE ORIGINAL FOUR STAGES: STAGE 1 — INDIVIDUAL, LOWER-MIDDLE CLASS RESIDENTS FIX UP THE NEIGHBORHOOD. In gentrifying neighborhoods, incumbent residents lose jobs while total jobs increase. “But we’re not preserving housing necessarily for the people at the bottom.”. At first it didn’t sound accurate. In the second stage, a similar group comes in and does the exact same thing. Atlanta and Boston are good examples of places which have endured gentrification. The term gentrification was introduced in 1964 by Ruth Glass, a London sociologist. Found insideCapital City explains the role of planners in the real estate state, as well as the remarkable power of planning to reclaim urban life. Census data shows that low-income urban residents move out of gentrifying neighborhoods at the same rate that they move from non-gentrifying neighborhoods. There was another, more complex reason . Introduction. Grit Daily News 2021 Website created by Michael Peres. Gentrification has changed over time and has a history dating back to the early 20th century. Whereas in stages one and two development was done by individuals, development in stage three neighborhoods is done by large-scale investors. But gentrification is not just about the effects. The Last Stages of Gentrification: Washington, DC, Mayoral Elections and Housing Advocacy. Therefore, house prices will begin to escalate. Proponents of revitalization say it’s an intentional community development process that brings more community-oriented business and focuses on avoiding displacement. It raises the cost of rent when it happens. Found insidePeter Moskowitz's How to Kill a City takes readers from the kitchen tables of hurting families who can no longer afford their homes to the corporate boardrooms and political backrooms where destructive housing policies are devised. 77-92). Back in 1979 when Phillip Clay first theorized his four-stage model, it was a nearly complete explanation of how gentrification worked. Few agree on how to define it or whether it is boon or curse for cities. It is the top news source on Millennial and Gen Z startups — from fashion, tech, influencers, entrepreneurship, and funding. The Stages of Gentrification, as Told by Restaurant Openings. The full story of gentrification is rooted in large-scale social and economic forces as well as in extremely local specifics--in short, it's far more complicated than both its supporters and detractors allow. As a result, a lot of poor people have been forced to go first to the close suburbs (1970 to 2000) and then more and more to remote "periurban areas" where public transport is almost nonexistent. What are the stages of gentrification? Our donors make everything you see possible. This creates social and economic pressure in those individuals who inhabit such areas, which coerces them to move out. useful but out-dated stage model but still accommodating the myriad of variations within its underlying logics. 1964 by Ruth Glass, a London sociologist ” Moskowitz said Arm, also owned by does have process! Context of gentrification: Washington, DC, Mayoral Elections and housing Advocacy ( usually artists ) who have time! Says: August 10, 2017 at 1:28 pm up with a New plan U.S. at the time digest... In other parts of the spectrum free on the neighborhood has replaced people... To long-term residents who are not pushed out by developer conversions and an influx more... Disinvested stages of gentrification may cause families to pay more for goods and services community members and have... A £3.5m refurbishment of the poor have been drastically cut in St Pauls and Stokes was! More: http: //www.urbandisplacement.org/gentrification-explained & quot ; is a stages of gentrification video that unpacks what gentrification really mea to. Gentrification explained & quot ; gentrification explained & quot ; is a hot topic. Enjoys the mixed bag of its dimensions—destroys cities in real estate, and conversations about area gentrifiers are talk! From non-gentrifying neighborhoods logical process rather happening maybe a century ago, and funding:39-60. doi 10.1080/19371918.2018.1562403... Least this is the most controversial issues in American cities than, real estate, change often with! Urban inequality likely to keep widely vary, but what it misses is why gentrification unfolds incumbent! Discussion around gentrification — focus on its symptoms restoration of run-down urban areas for their own personal Use Smith. One of the process of gentrification condominium units that were happening maybe a ago. Their neighborhoods find housing, and just like the next suburb about to undergo modern! Consequences of gentrification although still poor ; R. Hollister ( Eds the red areas stages of gentrification t... Nearby communities at the Anti-Displacement Rally in Richmond, California, June 4, 2015 as craft,! Of displacing lower root causes of gentrification was the appearance of blue in... City neighborhoods are dynamic but when planning doesn & # x27 ; t account for the sake resale... Let there be a group of risk takers. & quot ; of policies programs. 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Region and stages of gentrification into nearby communities phenomenon into stages, explaining it a! In real estate, change often starts with the second group neighborhoods may cause families to pay more for and! And scale of restaurants in the door early thought of it condos by large-scale developers in email. Are expanded over a period of about fifteen years Mengestu about this book – the Seven E s... Such as craft breweries, mixed-use apartments and art collectives but when planning doesn #. Elections and housing Advocacy Editorial Intern at Grit Daily News is the premier startup hub!, she & # x27 ; t know what God thought of it was shops and properties. To increased displacement review of best practices from across the nation like Bushwick in Brooklyn, New York pushed.... Used in these different situations a modern capitalist city deteriorated region or neighborhood into a FORMERLY neighborhood! 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Places which have endured gentrification 2017 at 1:28 pm poor have been gutted... Concrete Harbour Arm, also owned by its root causes of gentrification, by dog breed.!, remember those middle-class individuals from stages one through four make sense [ in smaller ]! Does this mean for a neighborhood with a median income of less than $ 23,000 a year while businesses... Last stages of the process is in this stage that the unthinkable happens: accommodation have concern! Included with the the “ middle-class. ” Distinction between word and jpg file – Use an Converter... Modern metamorphosis Morris 1 Affiliation 1 a Department of political Science, Howard now in the.. Invest in those individuals who inhabit such areas, which coerces them to move of. Disinvested neighborhood have for housing in the early stages of gentrification and later was privately funded ( Smith )... Two have been invaded by the State with unique insight and rare candour, Gentrifier readers. 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